Detection of Metal Stent Struts

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to stent detection and shadow detection in the context of intravascular data sets obtained using a probe such as, for example, and optical coherence tomography probe or an intravascular ultrasound probe.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/162,795 filed on May 17, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/196,997 filed on Jul. 25, 2015, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for shadow analysis and stent detection.

BACKGROUND

Interventional cardiologists incorporate a variety of diagnostic tools during catheterization procedures in order to plan, guide, and assess therapies. Fluoroscopy is generally used to perform angiographic imaging of blood vessels. In turn, such blood vessel imaging is used by physicians to diagnose, locate and treat blood vessel disease during interventions such as bypass surgery or stent placement. Intravascular imaging technologies such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) are also valuable tools that can be used in lieu of or in combination with fluoroscopy to obtain high-resolution data regarding the condition of the blood vessels for a given subject.

Intravascular optical coherence tomography is a catheter-based imaging modality that uses light to peer into coronary artery walls and generate images for study. Utilizing coherent light, interferometry, and micro-optics, OCT can provide video-rate in-vivo tomography within a diseased vessel with micrometer level resolution. Viewing subsurface structures with high resolution using fiber-optic probes makes OCT especially useful for minimally invasive imaging of internal tissues and organs, as well as implanted medical devices such as stents.

Stents are a common intervention for treating vascular stenoses. It is critical for a clinician to develop a personalized stent plan that is customized to the patient's vascular anatomy to ensure optimal outcomes in intravascular procedures. Stent planning encompasses selecting the length, diameter, and landing zone for the stent with an intention to restore normal blood flow to the downstream tissues. Clinicians often reimage a stented vessel immediately after stent implantation to confirm that stent placement is correct. Clinicians also reimage stented vessels as routine follow up for stent interventions.

Stent detection methods typically detect individual metal stent struts by first detecting shadows cast by the struts onto the blood vessel wall to localize the region of search and then detect the location of the strut within the detected shadows. However, existing methods are inadequate and often result in missed struts or in the detection of false positive struts.

The present disclosure addresses the need for enhanced detection of metal stent struts.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for precise identification of metal stent strut offsets, or locations, within shadows cast in OCT image data. Methods of stent strut detection can include accessing a plurality of frames of intravascular imaging data, the plurality of frames comprising optical coherency tomography (OCT) scan lines, identifying a shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut, identifying scan lines that correspond to a candidate stent strut shadow region to generate candidate strut shadow scan lines, and analyzing the candidate strut shadow scan lines to identify the location of a stent strut.

Methods of stent strut detection also can include storing a plurality of frames of intravascular imaging data, detecting stent struts in a first group of frames of the plurality of frames, detecting one or more shadow regions in the first group of frames, wherein one or more of the shadow regions is adjacent to a detected stent strut, determining on a per shadow region basis if a given shadow region is a guidewire induced region or a side branch induced region to generate a set of candidate stent strut shadow regions, wherein each candidate stent strut shadow region comprises a shadow boundary, and identifying scan lines of a candidate stent strut shadow region within the shadow boundary.

Methods of the invention can include additional steps or features. For example, the methods can include identifying a shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut by eliminating shadow regions corresponding to non-stent features. The non-stent features can be selected, for example, from the group consisting of: a guidewire, a side branch, and combinations thereof.

The methods can include eliminating candidate strut shadow scan lines that contain spillage from lumen pixels.

The methods can include determining a projection across each of the candidate strut shadow scan lines by summing a signal response across the candidate strut shadow scan lines, or a portion or sample of the scan lines.

The methods can include identifying up to three local maxima in the projection.

The methods can include ranking local maxima based on peak signal intensity to generate a peak score. The ranking can be an ordinal ranking, with local maxima having higher peak signal intensity receiving a higher peak score.

The methods can include ranking the local maxima based on proximity to the blood vessel wall to generate a proximity score. The ranking can be an ordinal ranking, with local maxima closer to the blood vessel wall receiving a higher proximity score.

The methods can include assigning a malapposition score to each local maxima.

The malapposition score can be binary, with malapposed local maxima receiving a score of zero.

The methods can include summing the peak score, the proximity score, and the malappostion score, wherein the local maximum with the highest total score is designated as the location of the stent strut.

The methods can include identifying a plurality shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut, identifying scan lines that correspond to each candidate stent strut shadow region, and identifying, within each candidate stent strut shadow region, the location of a stent strut.

The methods can include performing a cross-frame analysis to validate designated stent struts across multiple optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging frames.

The methods can include displaying on a graphical user interface the validated stent struts.

The invention also includes a computer readable medium comprising non-transitory instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform any of the foregoing steps.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrative principles. The figures are to be considered illustrative in all respects and are not intended to limit the disclosure, the scope of which is defined only by the claims.

FIG. 1A is an exemplary intravascular data collection system and an associated intravascular data collection probe and related image processing, detection, and other software components according to an illustrative embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional OCT image of a stented blood vessel in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a process flow chart for detecting struts in OCT image data in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a scan line OCT image in polar co-ordinates, in log scale, of a stented vessel in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating detection of multiple potential struts within a single shadow in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure provides, in part, methods and systems for identifying within a detected stent shadow the precise offset, or location, of the strut resulting in the detected shadow. Sometimes, within a shadow there is a single possible strut location corresponding to a bright strut bloom, or peak, against a dark shadow background in the scan line. However, multiple strut peaks often are detected inside a strut shadow, making it difficult to identify the exact location of a stent strut. Spurious peaks can be caused by, for example, blood pooling, poor blood clearing in the pullback zone, or ringing artifacts due to the imaging optics interacting with the metal strut. The present disclosure provides methods and systems for identifying the best candidate for a true stent within a stent shadow.

FIG. 1A is a high level schematic diagram depicting a blood vessel 5, such as an artery, a data collection probe 7 and an intravascular data collection and processing system 10. The system 10 can include for example, an OCT, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), or other intravascular imaging system. A stent 12 is shown in the blood vessel 5. The stent includes a plurality of struts. Some of the struts can generate shadows or shadow regions SR as part of the process of imaging the vessel with an intravascular probe. The system 10 can include various software modules suitable for performing side branch detection, peak detection, shadow region detection and processing, error correction, model comparisons, lumen detection, and various other processes as described herein. The system 10 can include a suitable light source that satisfies the coherence and bandwidth requirements of the applications and data collection described herein. The system 10 can include an ultrasound imaging system. The probe 7 can include a catheter 20 having a catheter portion having one or more optical fibers 15 and a probe tip 17 disposed therein. The probe tip 17 includes a beam director in one embodiment.

As shown, the catheter 20 is introduced into the lumen 11 such as an arterial lumen. The probe 7 can include a rotating or slidable fiber 15 that directs light forward into the lumen 14 or at a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fiber 15. As a result, in the case of light that is directed from the side of the probe as the fiber 15 rotates, OCT data is collected with respect to the walls of the blood vessel 5. The walls of the blood vessel 5 define a lumen boundary. This lumen boundary can be detected using the distance measurements obtained from the optical signals collected at the probe tip 17 using lumen detection software component. Side branches and stent struts and shadow regions and other features can be identified in the scan lines generated during a pullback through the artery by the probe. The probe 7 can include other imaging modalities in addition to OCT such as ultrasound in one embodiment. In one embodiment, the lumen/lumen boundary refers to a portion of the vessel that is first impinged upon when light or ultrasound exists an intravascular imaging probe that generates a signal of interest for imaging the vessel. This excludes any blood flowing in the vessel which is typically removed using image processing in the form of masking. In one embodiment, the lumen or lumen boundary refers to a region of tissue that is disposed in front of the vessel wall and facing the blood containing region of the vessel.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the probe tip 17 is positioned in the lumen 14 such that it is distal to a stented region of the blood vessel 5. The probe tip 17 is configured to transmit light and receive backscattered light from objects, such as for example stent 12, and the wall of the blood vessel 5. The probe tip 17 and the rest of the data collection probe 7 are pulled through the lumen 14. As shown in FIG. 1B, a probe 17 is shown prior to or after insertion in a blood vessel. The probe 7 is in optical communication with an OCT system 10. The OCT system or subsystem 10 that connects to probe 17 via an optical fiber 15 can include a light source such as a laser, an interferometer having a sample arm and a reference arm, various optical paths, a clock generator, photodiodes, and other OCT system components.

In one embodiment, an optical receiver 31 such as a balanced photodiode based system can receive light exiting the probe 7. A computing device 40 such as a computer, processor, ASIC or other device can be part of the OCT system 10 or can be included as a separate subsystem in electrical or optical communication with the OCT system 10. The computing device 40 can include memory, storage, buses and other components suitable for processing data and software 44 such as image data processing stages configured for side branch detection, stent strut candidate selection or identification, candidate stent strut shadow region detection, correlations and comparisons of stent image data stent visualization, and pullback data collection as discussed below.

In one embodiment, the computing device 40 includes or accesses software modules or programs 44, such as a side branch detection module, a lumen detection module, a stent detection module, a stent strut validation module, a candidate stent strut identification module and other software modules. The software modules or programs 44 can include an image data processing pipeline or component modules thereof and one or more graphical user interfaces (GUI). The modules can be subsets of each other and arranged and connected through various inputs, outputs, and data classes.

An exemplary image processing pipeline and components thereof can constitute one or more software programs or modules 44. The software modules 44 may comprise several image processing algorithms tailored to detect the vessel lumen, side-branches, guide-wires, guide-catheters, stent struts and stent regions. This disclosure relates to image processing to determine the location of a metal strut within its shadow. The image data processing pipeline, its components software modules and related methods and any of the methods described herein are stored in memory and executed using one or more computing devices such as a processor, device, or other integrated circuit.

As shown, in FIG. 1A, a display 46 can also be part of the system 10 for showing information 47 such as cross-sectional and longitudinal views of a blood vessel generated from OCT or IVUS imaging data. The image processing software algorithms 44 provide data corresponding to detected image features such as stents, side-branches, guide-wire etc. and this data is input to the GUI where these features are displayed in a desired format on cross-sectional, longitudinal, and/or 3D display sections of the GUI. The image of FIG. 1B is an example of display information 47 that can be displayed and interacted with using a GUI and various input devices. Specifically, it shows a 2D cross-sectional view of a coronary artery containing a metal stent.

In addition, display information 47 can include, without limitation, cross-sectional scan data, longitudinal scans, diameter graphs, image masks, stents, areas of malapposition, lumen border, and other images or representations of a blood vessel or the underlying distance measurements obtained using an OCT system and data collection probe. The computing device 40 can also include software or programs 44, which can be stored in one or more memory devices 45, configured to identify stent struts and malapposition levels (such as based on a threshold and measured distance comparison), shadow regions, and struts within shadow regions and other blood vessel features such as with text, arrows, color coding, highlighting, contour lines, or other suitable human or machine readable indicia.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional OCT image of a stented blood vessel, in accordance with the present disclosure. The lumen/lumen boundary of the blood vessel 10 is in the center of the image. The guide wire shadow 12 is visible at the top of the image, from 12 to 1 o'clock. Also visible in FIG. 1B are multiple metal stent struts 14, which cast shadows 16 in the OCT image. Metal stent struts cast shadows against the blood vessel wall because the coherent light typically used for OCT imaging cannot penetrate stent struts but is reflected. The present disclosure provides enhanced methods for detecting the precise offset of struts within strut shadows.

FIG. 2 is a process flow chart for detecting struts in OCT image data. The method 100 analyzes shadows corresponding to stent struts in a plurality of OCT pullback frames. The method 100 can include one or more of the steps described herein. Unless otherwise required, the steps can be performed in any order. The metal strut detection method operates upon various inputs from other image/intravascular data processing modules such as information about guide-wire (140), side-branch (130) and strut shadow locations (110). The process flow and associated method steps and stage can operate upon original intravascular data or raw data 120 obtained using a OCT, IVUS, or other intravascular data collection system. In one embodiment, data 120 has been processed by one or more image processing modules in a pipeline configuration.

In Step 110, each shadow in the OCT image data is cross-examined with data inputs from a side branch detection module 130 and a guide-wire detection module 140 to determine if the shadow is attributable to a side branch vessel or guidewire. Methods, systems, and devices for detecting strut shadows, side branches, and guidewire shadows are known. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,412,312; 8,478,387; 8,831,321; 9,138,147 and 9,173,591.

At Step 150, if a given shadow is determined to be attributable to the guidewire or a side branch, the shadow is discarded and the analysis ends with respect to that shadow. At Step 160, if a given shadow is determined to be attributable to a stent strut, either by direct detection or by process of elimination, the shadow is analyzed to compute, or isolate, the interior part of the shadow. The shadow boundaries are trimmed away such that only the scan lines, or A-Lines, corresponding to the interior (and hence the “darkest”) portion of the shadow are retained. The reason for this is that the shadow region, specifically the start and stop scan lines of the shadow, can sometimes contain spillage from the neighboring lumen pixels. Isolating the interior of the shadow and ignoring transitionary scan lines at the shadow margins improves assessment of strut offsets.

At step 170, the shadow interior is analyzed to compute the projection (or sum) of each sample across scan lines corresponding to the interior part of the shadow. Each scan-line is sampled into discrete pixels or “samples”. In the input OCT image data, each scan line refers to data acquired along a particular angular direction with the imaging catheter at the center. Each scan line is in turn radially sampled into a discrete set of pixels or “samples”. Each sample in the OCT data is typically a few microns wide and is typically uniform in size. A “projection” refers to the process of adding across each scan line. In other words, the 2-dimensional shadow in the {scan-line, sample} space is collapsed into a 1-dimensional signal where the i-th index corresponds to the sum of the i-th sample of each scan-line involved in the process. The projection contains samples, at radius R, which are the average of samples from the constituent scanlines at that same radius R.

At step 180, the projection is searched for up to three (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the largest local maxima. The location, or offset, of each selected maximum may be noted as potential strut locations, and certain features of the selected maxima are then analyzed to determine which one is the best candidate for being a true strut. In various embodiments, only the largest maximum is selected. In other embodiments, two or three of the largest maxima are selected. The initial selection of multiple local maxima increases sensitivity. Although more than three local maxima can be selected, this typically is unnecessary because one of the three highest maxima usually indicates the true strut location. The maxima selection process is illustrated by FIGS. 3A and 3B.

FIG. 3A is an A-Line OCT image, in log scale, of a stented vessel. The box on the right of the image indicates a shadow under analysis, and FIG. 3B shows a projection graph for this shadow. The blood vessel lumen 10 is the dark region at the top of the image, and the blood vessel wall 18 is the bright region at the bottom of the image. Multiple stents 14 and stent shadows 16 are visible in the image. In one embodiment, the lumen is the boundary between the tissue and the cleared interior of the vessel.

FIG. 3B is a graph illustrating detection of multiple potential struts within a single shadow. FIG. 3B is a plot of the projection across the interior shadow scan lines. There are two local maxima 22 a and 22 b. These maxima correspond to two potential strut locations within the shadow.

Additional filters can be applied to the local maxima to remove false positives. In various embodiments, a local maximum is selected only if it has a signal greater than 1/10^(th) (i.e., 10%) of the global peak (largest maximum along the projection). The global peak is the peak with the greatest amplitude. The 10% threshold reduces the chance of selecting spurious local maxima due to noise. The threshold can be set between 5% (i.e., 1/20th) and 10% of the global peak, such as 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10%, with 10% being preferred. In various embodiments, if multiple peaks are detected in close proximity to each other, only the largest peak is selected for further analysis.

At Step 190, the selected local maxima are analyzed to determine which maximum has the highest probability of being the true strut based on the information available from the immediate neighborhood of the strut. A relative score is assigned to each strut based on one or more of the following criteria:

-   -   1. Proximity to lumen: The selected local maxima are scored         based on proximity to the lumen boundary. The local maximum         closest to the lumen around the strut shadow receives the         highest score, and the local maximum farthest from the lumen         around the strut shadow receives the lowest score.     -   2. Peak strength: The selected local maxima are scored based on         peak strength. The local maximum with the highest peak receives         the highest score, and the local maximum with the lowest peak         receives the lowest score.     -   3. Degree of malapposition: The selected local maxima are scored         based on their apposition, which refers to the state of being in         juxtaposition to the lumen. Local maxima that are apposed within         a predefined acceptable distance from the lumen or vessel wall         receive a higher malapposition score. Struts that are too far         away from the lumen or vessel wall (determined by a user         specified threshold using one or more interface screens or based         on accepted treatment thresholds) are penalized and receive a         lower malapposition score as potential false positives. In one         embodiment, a strut can either have a malapposition score of 0         or 1 depending on whether it is malapposed or not, respectively.

These scoring criteria are exemplary, and additional scoring criteria based on other strut and shadow features may be used.

Each local maxima gets a combined score which is the linear sum of the abovementioned criteria. At Step 200, the local maximum with the highest score is selected as the valid strut. At Step 210, the remaining local maxima are saved as alternative or backup struts pending further analysis. In the event of a tie, the local maximum closest to the lumen and/or the brightest local maximum are used as tiebreakers. Table 1 provides an exemplary ranking of local maxima for a stent shadow.

TABLE 1 Local maxima ranking for a stent shadow. Local Local Maximum 1 Local Maximum 2 Maximum 3 Proximity to Lumen 3 2 1 Peak Strength 2 1 3 Malapposition 1 0 0 Total 6 3 4

As shown in Table 1, local maximum 1 has the highest total score and therefore would be selected as the candidate valid strut. Local maxima 2 and 3 would be designated as backup struts.

At Step 220, all local maxima (valid strut and any backup struts) undergo multi-frame validation. In this step, adjacent frames are compared to verify that a valid strut in one frame aligns with valid struts selected for adjacent frames. If a valid strut does not align with other cross-frame struts, then the valid strut may be replaced by a backup strut if the backup strut better fits the cross-frame model. One embodiment of the multi-frame validation step can use stent strut geometry and location information. Other embodiments with a bigger set of strut and shadow features can also be used for this step.

Once detected, the valid or chosen struts can be displayed on a user interface, which conveys vital visual aid to the clinician about the precise location of stent struts and whether adjustments may be necessary to optimize and/or speed-up stent placement and reduce the risk of side effects. The user interface can include cross-sectional images, L-Mode images, scan line images, three dimensional renderings, or any other suitable display format for visualizing detected struts.

The detection algorithm accurately identified the location of struts, with a sensitivity of that ranges from greater than about 80% in one embodiment. The detection algorithm accurately identified the location of struts, with a sensitivity of that ranges from greater than about 00% in one embodiment. Sensitivity is the proportion of struts correctly located over the total number of struts (struts correctly located plus struts missed). The positive predictive value is the proportion of struts correctly detected over all positive calls (struts correctly detected plus false positive struts).

Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations can be used by those skilled in the computer and software related fields. In one embodiment, an algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations performed as methods stops or otherwise described herein are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, transformed, compared, and otherwise manipulated.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below.

Embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented in many different forms, including, but in no way limited to, computer program logic for use with a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer), programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device, (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other PLD), discrete components, integrated circuitry (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)), or any other means including any combination thereof. Some or all of the processing of data collected using an OCT probe and other imaging devices is implemented as a set of computer program instructions that is converted into a computer executable form, stored as such in a computer readable medium, and executed by a processor, for example, under the control of an operating system. Thus, user interface instructions or automated imaging processing of intravascular data received from a cath lag system, for example, are transformed into processor understandable instructions suitable for generating OCT data, performing image procession using various and other features and embodiments described above.

Computer program logic implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be embodied in various forms, including, but in no way limited to, a source code form, a computer executable form, and various intermediate forms (e.g., forms generated by an assembler, compiler, linker, or locator). Source code may include a series of computer program instructions implemented in any of various programming languages (e.g., an object code, an assembly language, or a high-level language such as Fortran, C, C++, JAVA, or HTML) for use with various operating systems or operating environments. The source code may define and use various data structures and communication messages. The source code may be in a computer executable form (e.g., via an interpreter), or the source code may be converted (e.g., via a translator, assembler, or compiler) into a computer executable form.

The computer program may be fixed in any form (e.g., source code form, computer executable form, or an intermediate form) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), a PC card (e.g., PCMCIA card), or other memory device. The computer program may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth), networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The computer program may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink-wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the interne or World Wide Web).

Hardware logic (including programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device) implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be designed using traditional manual methods, or may be designed, captured, simulated, or documented electronically using various tools, such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), a hardware description language (e.g., VHDL or AHDL), or a PLD programming language (e.g., PALASM, ABEL, or CUPL).

Programmable logic may be fixed either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), or other memory device. The programmable logic may be fixed in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth), networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The programmable logic may be distributed as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink-wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the internet or World Wide Web).

Various examples of suitable processing modules are discussed below in more detail. As used herein a module refers to software, hardware, or firmware suitable for performing a specific data processing or data transmission task. In one embodiment, a module refers to a software routine, program, or other memory resident application suitable for receiving, transforming, routing and processing instructions, or various types of data such as detected stents, candidate stent struts, FFR data, IVUS data, shadows, pixels, intensity patterns, scores, projections, side branch data, and guidewire data and other information of interest as described herein.

Computers and computer systems described herein may include operatively associated computer-readable media such as memory for storing software applications used in obtaining, processing, storing and/or communicating data. It can be appreciated that such memory can be internal, external, remote or local with respect to its operatively associated computer or computer system.

Memory may also include any means for storing software or other instructions including, for example and without limitation, a hard disk, an optical disk, floppy disk, DVD (digital versatile disc), CD (compact disc), memory stick, flash memory, ROM (read only memory), RAM (random access memory), DRAM (dynamic random access memory), PROM (programmable ROM), EEPROM (extended erasable PROM), and/or other like computer-readable media.

In general, computer-readable memory media applied in association with embodiments of the disclosure described herein may include any memory medium capable of storing instructions executed by a programmable apparatus. Where applicable, method steps described herein may be embodied or executed as instructions stored on a computer-readable memory medium or memory media. These instructions may be software embodied in various programming languages such as C++, C, Java, and/or a variety of other kinds of software programming languages that may be applied to create instructions in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.

The aspects, embodiments, features, and examples of the disclosure are to be considered illustrative in all respects and are not intended to limit the disclosure, the scope of which is defined only by the claims. Other embodiments, modifications, and usages will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed disclosure.

The use of headings and sections in the application is not meant to limit the disclosure; each section can apply to any aspect, embodiment, or feature of the disclosure.

Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.

In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition, an apparatus, or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein.

The use of the terms “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise.

The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. Moreover, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±10% variation from the nominal value.

It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.

Where a range or list of values is provided, each intervening value between the upper and lower limits of that range or list of values is individually contemplated and is encompassed within the disclosure as if each value were specifically enumerated herein. In addition, smaller ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range are contemplated and encompassed within the disclosure. The listing of exemplary values or ranges is not a disclaimer of other values or ranges between and including the upper and lower limits of a given range. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of stent strut detection comprising: accessing a plurality of frames of intravascular imaging data, the plurality of frames comprising optical coherency tomography (OCT) scan lines; identifying a shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut; identifying scan lines that correspond to a candidate stent strut shadow region to generated candidate strut shadow scan lines; and analyzing the candidate strut shadow scan lines to identify the location of a stent strut.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying a shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut comprises eliminating shadow regions corresponding to non-stent features.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the non-stent features are selected from the group consisting of: a guidewire, a side branch, and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, comprising eliminating candidate strut shadow scan lines that contain lumen pixels.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the analyzing comprises determining a projection across each of the candidate strut shadow scan lines by summing a signal response across the candidate strut shadow scan lines.
 6. The method of claim 5 comprising identifying up to three local maxima in the projection.
 7. The method of claim 6, comprising ranking the local maxima based on peak signal intensity to generate a peak score.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the ranking is an ordinal ranking, with local maxima having higher peak signal intensity receiving a higher peak score.
 9. The method of claim 8 comprising ranking the local maxima based on proximity to the blood vessel wall to generate a proximity score.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the ranking is an ordinal ranking, with local maxima closer to the blood vessel wall receiving a higher proximity score.
 11. The method of claim 10 comprising assigning a malapposition score to each local maxima.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the malapposition score is binary, with malapposed local maxima receiving a score of zero.
 13. The method of claim 12, comprising summing the peak score, the proximity score, and the malapposition score, wherein the local maximum with the highest total score is designated as the location of the stent strut.
 14. The method of claim 13, comprising identifying a plurality shadow region corresponding to a candidate stent strut; identifying scan lines that correspond to each candidate stent strut shadow region; and identifying, within each candidate stent strut shadow region, the location of a stent strut.
 15. The method of claim 14, comprising performing a cross-frame analysis to validate designated stent struts across multiple optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging frames.
 16. The method of claim 15, comprising displaying on a graphical user interface the validated stent struts.
 16. A computer readable medium comprising non-transitory instructions that when executed cause a processor to perform the steps of claim
 1. 17. A method of stent strut detection comprising: storing a plurality of frames of intravascular imaging data; detecting stent struts in a first group of frames of the plurality of frames; detecting one or more shadow regions in the first group of frames, wherein one or more of the shadow regions is adjacent to a detected stent strut; determining on a per shadow region basis if a given shadow region is a guidewire induced region or a side branch induced region to generate a set of candidate stent strut shadow regions, wherein each candidate stent strut shadow region comprises a shadow boundary; and identify scan lines of a candidate stent strut shadow region within the shadow boundary. 